American History And The American Civil War - 1610 Words

Throughout American history, the United States Mint has coined several denominations that would now be considered â€Å"odd† or â€Å"strange† by the general public: the half cent, two-cent piece, three-cent piece, half dime, twenty-cent piece, quarter eagle, three dollar piece, half eagle, eagle, and double eagle. At the time, however, many of these were seen in everyday circulation, a completely normal denomination. Each of them had a purpose behind its inception and a practical use after mintage. For example, the two cent piece was coined during and after the American Civil War to address the shortage of small denomination coinage. The three cent piece was minted to make purchasing postage more convenient, which was priced at three cents at the time. One of these denominations stands out from the rest: the twenty-cent piece. It holds the honor of being the shortest lived circulation denomination in United States history. This, however, should not come as a surprise; the denomination was doomed from the beginning. The Western Dilemma The West had a few issues that led to the inception of the twenty-cent piece, one of which was the large supply of silver. Following the passage of the Mint Act of February 12, 1873, production of the silver half dime and silver dollar ceased, reducing the demand for silver by the government. Around this time, several â€Å"large new deposits of silver were being discovered in the West,† increasing the supply of silver and decreasing its value (Anderson).Show MoreRelatedAmerican History : The Civil War1138 Words   |  5 PagesWar makes us what we are. It changes our lives and makes our past into the future. One of the most important events in American history was the Civil War (1861 to 1865). The Civil War changed thousands of lives and our nation. At the beginning the Civil War, it divided our country but at the end of the Civil War, it brought our country back together recreating the United States. â€Å"But the Civil War defined us as what we are and it opened us to bein g what we became, good and bad things. It was theRead MoreThe Civil War On American History1206 Words   |  5 Pagescountry divided, the Civil War left a huge impact in history as it helped form what our nation is today. An inevitable conflict that was due in time to transform into a war, the Civil War was influenced by societal interests, economic changes along with political disagreements. Together, these influences sparked a nation into a great divide that ended in what is known as the deadliest war in American history. Just In the aftermath of the industrial revolution, the Civil War was ignited due to economicRead MoreThe Civil War And American History890 Words   |  4 Pages In American History many significant events took place that reflected religious faith of multiple Americans and has shaped the world we live in today. Throughout the 1800s, the most memorable times in America took place throughout the Civil War. Events that escalated before, during and even following the Civil War resulted in a chain of reactions from many people within that period. After analyzing the events of the Civil War, I was able to draw a connection to the actions of the soldiers, womenRead MoreThe Civil War And American History1528 Words   |  7 Pages Before we discuss the Civil War, we need to discuss how and what lead to this major turning point in American History. Both sides, the Union and the Confederate had its reasons to attack each other. Whether it be the lack of contribution towards the government by the South, or the constant disturbance to free slaves from the North, tempers flared years before the first shots were ever fired. The disagreements between the North and the South were too much for the South to endure, they felt forcedRead MoreHistory And The American Civil War Essay1927 Words   |  8 PagesIn the history of the United States, African Americans have always been discriminated against. When Africans first came to America, they were taken against their will and forced to work as laborers. They became slaves to the rich, greedy, lazy Americans. They were given no pay and often badly whipped and beaten. African Americans fought for their freedom, and up until the Civil War it was never given to them. When the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. TheirRead MoreAmerican History And The Civil War Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesOne of American history’s famous battles involves the diverging of Northern and Southern states. Even when this time period itself is taught, at least from my experience learning it, that divide between Northern and Southern ideology seems even more pronounced. As United States territory expanded, so did hesitations of citizens on both sides—both Northerners and Southerners thought strongholds were put in place to sway governmental opinion, and consequently, actions. In order to bring the nationRead MoreThe Civil War And American History2238 Words   |  9 PagesRachel Lee Professor Salazar History 141 4 December 2014 The Civil War The Civil War is a war that happens within a country and in this case, the Civil War took place in the United States between the North and the South. The Civil War happened between the North and the South for various reasons. Both sides expected a short war with few casualties, and instead a little over 1 million soldiers died in the Civil War. After the war was over, the war left a huge impact on the modern world through theRead MoreU.s History : American Civil War1423 Words   |  6 PagesOmer Bhatti U.S History I Professor Ojserkis U.S History I: Final Paper In early April 1861, the attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the American Civil War. However, the belligerence of both sides of the war began long before the first shot. There is a great deal of possible causes of the Civil War, and in much disagreement with popular belief the war was not solely fought about the existence of slavery. Unfortunately, there is no simple reason why the war began because there were manyRead More History of The American Civil War Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of The American Civil War The Civil War was a brutal war between the North and South of America over the issue of slavery, which was spurred on by the secession of the southern states from the Union of a America. At the time slavery was one of the main issues in America that caused a disagreement between the north and south and these disagreements about humanity and slaves added to the tension that would finally lead to the out break of war. Slavery was almost totally abolished inRead MoreThe Civil War Is The Deadliest War Of American History Essay1853 Words   |  8 PagesThe Civil War is the deadliest war in American History. Between 1861 and 1865, over 600,000 brave souls lost their lives at nearly 10,500 battles. By the end of the war, there were nearly 200,000 African-Americans that fought on the side of the North, with 80 percent recruited from slave states (Half Slave and Half Free, 240). Wars are fought over irreconcilable differences. There may not be one specific cause. Directly or indirectly, slavery was intertwined in many of these differences and the physical

The Teachings Of Jon s Profile Essay - 934 Words

The Teachings of Jon: Profile Jon Owens was born on March 1, 1960. Jon’s parents feared of having a child with mental retardation. Jon family members are, mom is a psychotherapist and dad is a psychiatrist. Jon had two sisters Jennifer and Jennice and a brother Charlton. Jennifer is a filmmaker. Jennifer says Jon is a spiritual teacher. Jennice is a keynote speaker. Charlton is a lawyer and a doctor. When Jon was born, a pedestrian told his parents he would never reach age 5. Jon’s parents spoke with a fellow friend and doctor who had a brother with Downs’s syndrome. The family friend expressed the grief of putting brother in an institution and how it ruined his family lives. Jon’s parents thought it would best to put him in a nursing home. Jon was in a crib all his life. Jon lived in a nursing home for 6  ½ years until his caregiver died. Jon’s parents had received a call to make decisions about Jon’s care. Jon was diagnosed with having Down’s syndrome. Jon w as more than a little slow, but mentally retarded. Jon had limited intellectual and physical abilities. Jon’s was mad his first impression seeing his parents. Jon was in his crib and nonverbal. Jon’s mom was terrified and sister thought he was ugly and still in diapers at age 7. Jon had an IQ of 20-40. Jon did not know how to feed himself or self-care skills. Jon’s parents felt grief and depression, lost, and responsible. He needed a full time care. The family had to learn how to teach Jon to eat, bath, andShow MoreRelatedfggfg1486 Words   |  6 PagesDistance Education, 2013 Vol. 34, No. 1, 1–3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.775715 EDITORIAL Learning about learning and teaching online The Babson Survey Research Group, in partnership with the United States College Board, has just released their tenth annual report on the state of online learning in United States (US) higher education (Allen Seaman, 2013). 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Life dissatisfaction is associated with increased ill health and poor healing rate hence increased complications (Rissanen et al 2013) The measurement of disability is an important part of low back pain s assessment and management. In low back pain patients, Oswestry disability index (ODI) is widely used and has been found to be a reliable and valid method for assessment of disability (Fairbank and Pynsent, 2000). Vianin (2008) observes that â€Å"the ODIRead MoreJOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY Essay2632 Words   |  11 Pagesaffairs. Returning home from a vacation to England, Jack was more eager to learn about government, history and current events. His father often wrote letter to Joe and Jack informing them about the conflicts and tensions throughout Europe in the late 1930’s. On September 1, 1939, World War II began by Germany’s invasion of Poland. A senior in Harvard, Jack decided to write his thesis on the reason why he believed Great Britain was â€Å"unprepared† for war with Germany. Later, it was published as a book namedRead MoreProfessional Presence Essay3928 Words   |  16 Pagescalling guided by a sense of commitment and covenantal ethic of human service; cherishing our phenomena, our subject matter and those we serve. It is when we include caring and love in our work and our life we discover and affirm that nursing, like teaching is more than just a job but a life giving and life receiving career for a lifetime of growth and learning† (Watson, J. 1978). There have been many different individual thoughts and theories on what it means to be human and how to provide a healingRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 PagesThe Role of Media in Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 6. Sociocultural Perspectives on Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 7. Practicum on Sportscasting Chapter 8. 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The Future of Sportscasters/Sportscasting Suggestions for Teaching Sportscasting Syllabus Critical Dates Student Profile Invitation for Sportscaster Speaker 5 7 13 19 25 33 41 55 61 65 67 69 73 75 Introduction Conceived as a supplement to Sportscasters/Sportscasting: Principles and Practices, this collection of exercises adds to the pedagogicalRead More Data Mining and Privacy-an ethical look Essay3253 Words   |  14 Pagespeople in particular zip codes, and students of individual schools. They do allow you to opt-out of the data collection, but only after the initial uproar over the information collected – and it is not easy to figure out how.[iii] Computer scientist Jon Kleinberg used data mining to determine what new words are entering our language. He has analyzed every State of the Union address to see how phrases come in and out of popularity. 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Changing perspectives on Othello Free Essays

Depending on cultural differences and upbringing a text will have different impacts on the audience. Like any great piece of literature, William Shakespearean plays deal with timeless concerns that have the ability to be adapted and presented to remain relevant for modern audiences. Shakespearean Othello Is a Jacobean play written In a time of racist attitudes towards foreigners and sexist attitudes to women. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing perspectives on Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now This revenge tragedy follows the protagonist Othello, a black army general who Is manipulated by his ensign Ago. For me the way that race and color is presented in entrant to the stereotypical portrayal highlights the prejudice apparent in not only the Jacobean society but our own as well. This is portrayed through Sago’s racist depiction of Othello and the opposing imagery of black and white. The play can also be viewed as having a strong feminist theme. The two heroines are portrayed as capable and steadfast individuals. Both women are the only characters that remain justified throughout in their loyalty to their husbands. My Interest In Othello Is drawn to the way that race and color is presented. Shakespeare was revolutionary in his casting of a black man to be the tragic hero and white man to be the villain. In Jacobean society and even In many societies toddy, the audience would of expected to see a black man as the felon. The setting In Cyprus Is dramatically significant as it is isolated in the wild frontiers of war. Away from the structured society of Venice social norms and hierarchy are not relevant allowing Shakespeare to place a Moor in a position of authority. This daring theme of a black man in power has remained controversial ever since and it wasn’t until 1833 that a black man actually played the part. The issue of mixed race relationships was specially an issue in segregated America up until the twentieth century with Othello being played with blackjack till 1940. The unnatural war setting also enables Sago’s passion to be unmasked, unregulated by the usual constraints of society. In the exposition our first Impression of this revolutionary character Is from Ago when he disrespectfully describes Othello as â€Å"the devil†, Glenn the Impression of a beastly, barbaric man. This Is quickly contradicted when the audience Is presented with the confident and calm Othello who is clearly respected by his peers and is able to speak with grace. Othello is seen as â€Å"far more fair than black†, challenging the prejudice of the audience by demonstrating the opposite to what they expect. On the other hand Ago is a â€Å"hellish villain† portraying the stereotypical qualities that a Jacobean audience would expect from a black man. Shakespeare creates dramatic effect and reinforces the audience’s perceptions of evil being dark through the opposing imagery of black verses white. Lags evil work is performed In the duologue’s with Othello, which always occur at night. It is In this darkness that Othello Jealousy Is stirred and he Is taken away from the pure and white Desman. Ago Is using Adhesion’s goodness, which Is portrayed as light, to be the evil and darkness that destroys them all. Unmasking himself In a soliloquy I turn her virtue into pitch, That shall enmesh them all†. This reinforces the continuing theme of light opposing dark. Lags inherent racism takes its toll on Othello and gradually he acts according to this stereotype. As the play reaches the catastrophe the noble language of Othello reverts to that of the swearing Ago. Othello becomes like his enemy, a destructive avenger. Evil has won but has to triumphed as Othello finally recognizes Lags black heart, â€Å"l†¦ Emend that deem- devil why he has thus ensnared my soul†. The struggle between light and dark, despite the tragic catastrophe, resolves and light prevails. A common feminist valuation of the play focuses on how the play portrays the strength of women. In the dominant patriarchy of Jacobean culture women were not free to make their own decisions. Desman i s portrayed as a strong heroine with an uncommon verbal dexterity, not normally portrayed in Jacobean plays. She asserts her independence and challenges the patriarchy by scandalously eloping with Othello. Her father Abrogation is quick to pass Judgment and disown his daughter as â€Å"dead? † â€Å"Ay to me! † even before he has even seen her. A Jacobean audience would have understood the father’s treatment of his daughter whereas viewers today would see this as an inherently sexist act. Ago presents the misogynistic view that a Jacobean audience would relate to, believing that a women is only meant to enhance a man’s image and bring children into the would. â€Å"she that was ever fair, and never proud Had tongue at will, and yet never loud†¦ Though Sago’s beliefs are extreme they represent society’s expectation of the role of omen in contrast to the actions of the strong women in the play. The strength of these women can be seen through the solidity of both wives loyalty to their husbands. In the two women’s duologue they talk of adultery â€Å"l would not do such a thing†¦ But for the whole world†. The only reason that they would sleep with another man would be if they were given the world so that their husbands could rule it. Adhesion’s strength also amplified by the way that the play is structured. Her purity and character is Juxtaposed against how easily Othello fell under Lags malignant manipulation. She remains faithful to Othello till her last breath, not blaming her husband for her murder but â€Å"l myself†. Even though Emilie holds a very cynical view of how men portray her, most likely from her experience with Ago, â€Å"they are all but stomachs; and we all but food†. She also remains loyal to her husband stealing the handkerchief â€Å"but to please his fantasy†. Although both women are murdered and the masculine power is restored the misogynistic men do not triumph. It is only the women who remain Justified. In conclusion there are as many views of Othello as there are responders. For me the play highlights the way that a black man is portrayed in society throughout the ages. I see this through setting, dramatic structure and the opposing imagery of light verses dark. Another common interpretation of the play is the way that the play presents women. Shakespeare creates strong, individual women who are loyal and stable throughout. Their strength is emphasized through Juxtaposition and metaphor. Like would have been revolutionary for a Jacobean audience but sadly they are still relevant today in a world still fighting for social Justice. How to cite Changing perspectives on Othello, Papers

Leadership in Business Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Business Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: In the business sectors, leadership does not depend on the person who you are but give importance of what you have to do. In the words of Avolio and Yammarino (2013), leaders are responsible for improving the collective work, mitigating the cohesion, achieving goals and reinforce in the group identity. In short, the leaders bring the change in society in an ethical and socially responsible manner. According to Nohria and Khurana (2013), the responsible leader is considered to be the person who takes the responsibility of social, economical and environmental sector. In this context, the chosen leaders are Marissa Mayer and John Sculley who are considered to be the contemporary leaders facing challenges in terms of their leadership. Marissa Mayer was the former CEO of Yahoo and John Sculley was the president of the Pepsi-Cola and the chief executive officer of the well known organization Apple. This research essay is enriched by analyzing the challenge facing by these two leaders along with the evaluation of their leadership styles and its effectiveness. Moreover, their strategy is assessed in terms of the effectiveness of influencing the stakeholders to invest more in their organization. Lastly, a suitable suggestion has been provided on how the above-stated leaders can improve their stand point as a responsible leader. Discussion: John Sculley was formerly the president of Pepsi-Cola and then he joined the Apple organization as a chief executive officer. At that time, the CEO has faced the problems of a dispute on the licensing of software of Macintosh to the other personal computer makers (Goldman 2016). At this moment, the board of this company wanted to approve the other PC producers to use the Apples software. Sculley did not agree with this decision. As a result, Sculley was overthrown from this organization and Apple licensed their software which was a big mistake for them (Goldman 2016). After this incident Steve Jobs returned to Apple and took him back along with banning this license. Another leader Marissa Mayer who was a former CEO of Yahoo has faced a tough challenge to recover the poor condition of Silicon Valley as it is overshadow by the rivals and under gone in a poor financial situation. This would create a negative impact on the investment amount of shareholders and as well as stakeholders (Yahoo 2016). Marissa Mayer wants to implement a new organizational culture in the Yahoo during the time of reviving the growth of this organization. In this perspective, as the company faces slow growth rate along with the several problems related to organizational culture, the CEO analyzes the root cause of this issue (Apple 2016). Yahoo is a well known internet organization which spread its networks globally. This organization earns its revenues from search processes, ad displays and fess system and compete with the Google, Facebook and Microsoft (Apple 2016). In this context, the former CEO of this organization Thompson cut back almost 2000 employees in respect of diminishing the stock prices. As a result, due to misrepresentation of this fact and unstable leadership style lead to create a negative impact on the employees, shareholders and customer base. At this moment, Mayer takes the challenges to reboot the entire organizational culture for mitigating this above issue. Apple is a one of the well known organization of i-phone maker. In the words of Braun et al. (2013), the potential organizational culture depends on the factors such as applying new strategies and policies with creativity and innovative ideas, supporting changes and revising their structures with new technology which would lead to reach in the successful position. Though, this organization launches various types of products namely Apple watch, iPad and iPhone, but during the leadership time of John Sculley, the organization has faced some problems in terms of moderate combativeness, innovation and secrecy (Apple 2016). John Sculley is considered to be a successful leader in the organization of Apple. As commented by Van Wart (2013), the authentic leadership styles include the quality of positive and stable psychological state, genuine and high awareness of other and self along with development and follower regard. In this perspective, it is observed that Sculley always deal with the big customer issues and want to mitigate this as soon as possible (Forbes 2016). In the time of severe difficulty, the concerned CEO takes the responsibility of solving the alarming issue with a stable and positive mind set. This would lead to solve the issue without any complications and fearless of the other employees. Moreover, as opined by Parris and Peachey (2013), the authentic leader always follows the morality during the time of taking any decision. As per this theory, John Sculley takes the risks and learns from the change system along with a great adaptability nature and proper emphasize on morality of the com pany. Apart from this, the above-concerned CEO takes the opinion from the junior employees of this organization to respect their knowledge and decision and follows it according to the necessity of the current situation. In other words, according to Chemers (2014), as per the ethical leadership style, the leaders have the quality such as fairly and justified behavior with the followers, trustworthy and integrity commitment with the work and development process. Furthermore, this type of leader has to maintain the quality in terms of taking a proper action with the help of prerequisite knowledge and real life experience. In this perspective, Sculley is an excellent leader as he fulfills all the commitment to the work with a great excellence and care. He always treats the employees in a fairly manner from the same corner. Apart from this, John Sculley mitigates the current problems by taking a required action which is acquired from the real life experience. In addition, the former CEO of Apple does not believe in democratic leadership style as it represents the centric type leadership along with a barrier of creativity and freedom (Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb 2014). In the words of Mohr, You ng and Burgess Jr (2012), the transformational leadership follows the way of motivating and inspiring the followers for achieving the foster growth and goals of the company. As per this theory, the former CEO of Apple, John Sculley described a concept that there exists a thin line between the failure and success during the period of transformational change in terms of high tech. In this context, the CEO sets the example of Intel and IBM who has faced a situation of bankruptcy for taking the high level risk without following any proper leadership style. On the other hand, Marissa Mayer has applied the supportive leadership style for bringing the democratic nature in the organization, Yahoo. During her leadership period, Yahoo has faced several problems regarding with the failure leadership style along with issues of organizational culture and low growth rate. In this perspective, Mayer follows the sound leadership style which is not beneficial for this organization. Moreover, Mayer joined Yahoo after leaving the Google Company because of building her good and positive image at that moment. The CEO of Yahoo, Marissa Mayer thinks that by solving the alarming problem of Yahoo, she can be able to make her own destination and prospective growth (Forbes Welcome 2016). However, this is not the right decision for her at that moment. In the words of Carlstrm and Ekman (2012), according to the self leadership theory, it describes the nature of a leader in which improvement in self awareness and self behavior management exists. Mayer follows t he same type of leadership style in this organization. In addition, Marissa Mayer implements the rule of coming all the remote workers in the office which is an alarming issue in this organization. Moreover, according to Van Wart (2013), the self leadership style indicates the characteristics of a human behavior in which the person always involve in self punishing and rewarding process. This characteristic is seen in the CEO of Mayer as she believes in giving the reward that remains loyal to her. Moreover, she publicly announced that the Yahoo layoffs are over whereas, in real life it is not stopped along with a negative impact on the company and employees. As per the transformational theory, the effective leader needs to revive the strategy and policy of the organization for foster growth of the company (Chemers 2014). According to this theory, Marissa Mayer wants to boost up the organization by pushing Yahoo in diversified direction. However, this strategy is in vain as due to multiple changes in direction, Yahoo cannot accommodate this change. In addition, due to taken various strategies by Mayer, the actual growth is hampered. In this context, Mayer cannot be able to unders tand of her role in the case of huge amount of stake in Alibaba. As a result, the financial condition of Yahoo deteriorates continuously. Apart from this, Marissa Mayer motivating all the employees through the process of fear which is not a beneficial strategy for the company. Thus, the above-stated mistakes done by Mayer proves that she is not an effective leader and takes so many wrong decisions which ensure the stagnation condition of the concerned organization (Forbes Welcome 2016). During the period of John Sculley in Apple, all the stakeholders namely customers, investors, employees and distributors and suppliers are satisfied with the growth of this organization along with achieving a positive and higher amount of revenue, profit and dividend. As commented by Parris and Peachey (2013), the demand of the stakeholders ensures to maintain a better CSR policy from which the amount of sales revenue can be increased. In this perspective, John Sculley takes the appropriate strategy of CSR policy for which the amount of sales revenue and customer perception along with setting a strong customer base and customer loyalty can be done in Apple. With the help of applying proper CSR policy by Sculley, Apple can be able to launch new and innovative products along with the premium price strategy which has a high demand in consumers. This would lead to increase in production and selling part of this product. As a result, both the employees and investors get huge amount of bon us, dividend and return which is acceptable for them. Moreover, the financial condition of the organization is positive during Sculley as at that time the company earns huge profit margin which helps them to correct the debt of this organization. On the contrary, Mayer cannot be able to satisfy all the stakeholders associated with this organization as she diversified her decisions in terms of hires and acquisitions. The stakeholders think that due to absence of clear and proper direction in terms of which sector it wants to occupy, the potential and prospective growth is hampered in this organization. As a result, the existing stakeholders do not want to invest more in Yahoo. As per the stakeholders view, the strategies taken by Mayer is a mishmash situation of internet assets which cannot be cured by following this strategy (Yahoo stakeholder turns up pressure on Marissa Mayer The Mercury News 2016). According to Chemers (2014), as per the Contingency model, the responsible leader is the person who can manage all the difficult situations without any hesitation, achieve goals, and motivate all the employees along with maintaining a good relation. By following this theory, it can be justified that John Sculley performs better than Mayer as he fulfils all the above-stated conditions whereas, Mayer cannot. Conclusion: By referring to the above analysis, it can be inferred that two contemporary leaders such as John Sculley and Marissa Mayer have faced different types of challenges during their leadership in terms of issues in organizational culture. The different leadership style taken by them is effective for Sculley for motivating all the stakeholders towards them. On the contrary, due to some mistakes in case of taking decision, the leadership of Mayer is not effective for attracting the stakeholders towards them. In this perspective, Mayer needs to follow the transformational leadership style by which she can be able to mitigate the issues along with a prospective growth of the organization. Reference list: Apple, 2016.Business. [online] Apple (India). Available at: https://www.apple.com/in/business/ [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. and Frey, D., 2013. Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), pp.270-283. Carlos Pinho, J., Paula Rodrigues, A. and Dibb, S., 2014. The role of corporate culture, market orientation and organisational commitment in organisational performance: the case of non-profit organisations.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.374-398. Carlstrm, E.D. and Ekman, I., 2012. Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of health organization and management,26(2), pp.175-191. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Forbes Welcome, 2016.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemyatt/2015/11/20/marissa-mayer-case-study-in-poor-leadership/#554398e23795 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Forbes, 2016.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackzenger/2015/10/21/4-top-lessons-in-leadership-from-john-sculley-2/#26d013ac1962 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Goldman, D., 2016.Apple CEO who fired Steve Jobs: 'I wish I had hired him back'. [online] CNNMoney. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/06/technology/john-sculley/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Mohr, D.C., Young, G.J. and Burgess Jr, J.F., 2012. Employee turnover and operational performance: the moderating effect of groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented organisational culture.Human Resource Management Journal,22(2), pp.216-233. Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. eds., 2013.Handbook of leadership theory and practice: An HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press. Parkay, F.W., Anctil, E.J. and Hass, G., 2014.Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W., 2013. A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), pp.377-393. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders.Public Administration Review,73(4), pp.553-565. Yahoo stakeholder turns up pressure on Marissa Mayer The Mercury News, 2016. [online] Mercurynews.com. Available at: https://www.mercurynews.com/2015/01/08/yahoo-stakeholder-turns-up-pressure-on-marissa-mayer/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Yahoo, 2016.Yahoo: The challenges facing new boss Marissa Mayer - BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18867477 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016].

Understanding the Protagonists of Willa Cather Essay Example

Understanding the Protagonists of Willa Cather Essay To have read Willa Cather is to inevitably find some astute recognitions of your self in the life of her characters. Cather is greatly admired for by the reading public of her time, for having been able to give life to characters that are most particularly evident in the nature of real people in the course of their life. That is because: In this comment, Willa Cather argued for the purity of art, the need for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   artist to remain uncorrupted by demands and purposes that interfere with the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   aesthetic intent. Guided by such principles, she combined precise descriptive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   skill and insight into the subtleties of human character with a disciplined and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   beautiful prose style to fashion a group of novels and short stories that have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   earned her a permanent place among the great writers of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (http://wps.abl ongman.com) Taking into study five short stories namely On the Divide, Paul’s Case, A Death in the Desert, The Marriage of Phaedra, and A Wagner Matinee, Cather showcases her ineffable skill in fiction writing with her surprisingly poetic and very descriptive narrations of ordinary life turning them into remarkable stories of personal struggles, yet some ending in tragedy. But, notable above all, is her excellent craft in characterization and how she clearly molds one character into becoming a totally disparate character, particularly the character of her protagonists, which any reader would have not thought of while immersed in the readings. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Protagonists of Willa Cather specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Protagonists of Willa Cather specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Protagonists of Willa Cather specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For one, Cather has an immense ability to give her protagonist definite descriptions of their physical attributes that amount to the nature of their character as is swiftly seen on the whole process of reading the story. With this, her protagonists are initially presented as mad men engaged in their own crazy world that other people cannot decipher. Take for example the story of On the Divide, the protagonist Canute is described as a big-framed guy with worn-out hair and a habit of drinking alcohol who lives alone in the wild plains. The story says: But he was not a social man by nature and had not the power of drawing out   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the social side of other people. His new neighbors rather feared him because of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his great strength and size, his silence and his lowering brows. Perhaps, too,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they knew that he was mad, mad from the eternal treachery of the plains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Faulkner 493-504) With his physical descriptions and lifestyle, talks about his madness circle the neighborhood and frighten people. Thus, he is perceived by his neighbors to have the ability to hurt other neighbors. Another specific example is the story Paul’s Case wherein the protagonist Paul is depicted as a very tall and thin delinquent student who constantly makes his teachers agreeably feel a certain kind of dislike for him: His clothes were a trifle outgrown and the tan velvet on the collar of his open   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overcoat was frayed and worn; but for all that there was something of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   dandy about him, and he wore an opal pin in his neatly knotted black four-in-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hand, and a red carnation in his buttonhole. This latter adornment the faculty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   somehow felt was not properly significant of the contrite spirit befitting a boy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   under the ban of suspension. (Faulkner 243-261) The nature of the protagonists in these stories is haunted by an air of madness which at first would make any reader think if they are the protagonists at all. But to say that a protagonist is perceived as one from the beginning of the story till the end is not true to all literary writing. There are times when a character transformation is technically imbued in the process of becoming an authentic protagonist. As I have said, Canute has initially been seen as the enemy of the neighbors. But along the way of his meeting Lena, the daughter of a new family neighbor who is not afraid of him, he is tamed by his feelings for her. Despite all the bullying and mockery from Lena, her family, and the neighbors for his unrequited love, he pursues his love for her by forcing marriage and showing her that he is a man of worth with a good heart, too. This Lena finds out at the end of the story when she finally surrenders and reveals to Canute that she would rather have him than any of her family during that very first cold night together. Canute reveals his soft personality by crying over what Lena has said, and finally winning Lena to believe his sincere love for her. As a reader, Canute’s character at the end has changed my perception of him, from a mad and solitary man into a man of good heart also in need of a companion in life. And Cather has proven her ability in creating a wonderful character development of her protagonist with Canute as a specific example. Another obvious nature of Cather’s protagonists is how these men readily seek comfort and share with the sufferings of women in their lives like the protagonists Everett and Clark in the stories A Death in the Desert and Wagner Matinee, respectively. Everett is a man caught up in the shadows of his famous elder brother musician who is often mistaken for him all his life. Even in love, Everett takes up the role of what his brother failed to do for her long time musician friend Katharine who is struck by a sickness that is about to take her to death. It was not the first time that his duty had been to comfort of the broken things   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his brothers imperious speed had cast aside and forgotten. He made no   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attempt to analyse the situation or to state it in exact terms; but he felt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Katharine Gaylords need for him, and he accepted it as a commission from his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   brother to help this woman to die. (Faulkner 199-217) Everett, having been in love with Katharine since the old days, willingly shares his time to be with her and finally expresses how she meant in his life all along despite the fact that Katharine remains in love with his brother Adriance. On the other hand, Clark fulfills his naturally good protagonist character like Everett to his Aunt Georgina who has been graciously good to her. Clark says, â€Å"I owed to this woman most of the good that ever came my way in my boyhood, and had a reverential affection for her† (Faulkner 219-234). Clark displays his affection for the old lady as soon as he sees the weary look on her face and the disappointing evidence age and farm life have manifested in her body structure and manner of dressing. Grateful as ever for his Aunt’s goodness, Clark tries to repay it by bringing her to a musical show, the Wagner Matinee. Clueless of how his Aunt Georgina would react after long sad years of having been away from this kind of life, Clark watches her intently and finds out that her soul has been rekindled again by the wonderful music. Aunt Georgina cries to him and wishes not to go back home to the lonely farm. Everett and Clark are clear validations of the natural protagonists from the very beginning till the closing of the story as opposed to the characters of Canute and Paul. By their efforts to uplift the downtrodden states of these long-suffering women, that gives me as a reader a sense of admiration for Everett and Clark’s characters, which should be the case for observing natures of a protagonist. Perhaps, the very similar characteristic of Cather’s protagonists in the five stories mentioned earlier is their attachment to the arts. From Paul’s case to Everett to Clark, all involved in the magic of music, to MacMaster in The Marriage of Phaedra, associated in the art of painting. Theirs is a case of redemption found in the arms of music and painting. If there’s one story that comes short of my expectations, it is MacMaster’s character. His character is not extensively explored, except for his association with paintings and his similar appreciation of beauty in women like Everett and Canute, or at least in other minute details such as having shy nature like the other character-protagonists. Probably the revealing protagonist nature of MacMaster is only witnessed when, from being hesitant to get involved in personal matters of his late painter-friend Treffinger, he finally submits to James’ wish to help save the last unfinished painting of their friend Treffinger from being sold by the late painter’s wife, the Lady Ellen. But at one point, the reader might also share my sentiments that, maybe, James also divides with MacMaster the limelight of being a protagonist. Because despite his uncanny manner and speech, he has always been the one who continues to bring into life Treffinger’s last wish and forces MacMaster to talk to Lady Ellen about it from the start of the story. However, the question now lies not in who is the protagonist? But how do we characterize a protagonist during Cather’s time and in this contemporary time? Well, in my perspective, there may be a difference in the fiction’s time lines but the nature of an authentic protagonist stays the same. A modern-day protagonist, hero, or heroine for that matter is someone who is able to confront his weaknesses as a human being and be able to overcome it in time. Despite being beset with so many shortfalls in his or her nature, the so-called protagonist transforms this negative behavior and finds his way into transforming other people as well. Aside from this, the modern-day hero should be one who is eager enough to uplift the lowly conditions of other people without awaiting anything in return. Eventually, he or she finds redemption for himself or herself and for other men as well. Anybody can be a modern-day hero. You do not have to be a politician to serve the needs of the citizens. You do not have to be a preacher to transform the lives of your fellow men. Sad to say, but sometimes these same people who are placed in the highest levels of position are the ones who fail to show what it truly means to be a hero. Yet, this should not let us stop from seeking the hero that has been missing in our lives. Continue looking within or around you, who knows a modern-day hero could possibly only be hiding in the worn-out clothes of scavengers.

How To Create Your Best Counter-Argument

How To Create Your Best Counter-Argument Counter Argument Writing Tips One of the best assignments in your students’ time is writing a counter-argument. Why you may ask? Such a task will make any student not only improve his writing skills but also his thinking. This skill will remain with you all during your life and will be very helpful for your future career. This type of assignment will help make your own arguments even stronger. You will be able to participate in any argument and prove your point of view. When you address the counter-argument in your argumentative essay, you exponentially sublimate your essay. Your writing will be more mature, academic, and developed. You show your high-level thinking when you develop the counter-argument to the toughest point of view. It’s really essential to build a strong case and provide the relevant evidence; and to reach this, you have to be aware of the counter argument within your essay. If your essay is written with no regard to the really obvious counter-argument, it is poor. Instead, when you’re able to create a sound counter-argument, it will influence positively your personal life. Master this skill – and you will be able to see other people’s perspective even if someone’s opinion is different from yours. Thanks to that skill, you will become an emotionally intelligent and compassionate person. What Is a Counter Argument? Almost every essay contains an argumentative aspect. As a rule, students provide a thesis and search for arguing in favor of their thesis. Your task is to provide the details, facts, and some research supporting the thesis to show why it is correct. According to Harvey, when you provide a counter-argument in your essay, you show your confidence. When someone has a skeptical attitude, placing a counter argument helps you predict all the objections your reader might have and be ready for them. You present yourself as a person who considers all the alternatives before arguing for one point of view. It means that you don’t avoid difficulties, but confront them, and all this makes you interesting to a reader. The counter-argument has to disagree with your thesis and is the most obvious point of your essay. For that reason, it has to be worth addressing. So including it to your writing would be a good choice while your teacher would appreciate it if you are able to recognize the points of view which disagree with yours. A solid counterargument is built via three steps: A student raises an objection against his argument. A student expands on the position of the objection and then rejects it. A student reaffirms why his position was correct originally. The aim of the counter-argument is to convince other people successfully. However, there is no sense to address an argument no one agrees with. When providing your counter-argument, the reader has to reflect that this is really true and become interested in how you are going to refute it. Imagine how this works in court – â€Å"objection, your honor† – and the judge gives you few seconds to provide a reason for your objection, and it’s very important, while someone’s fate depends on it. So the counter-argument in your essay has to be as strong as in court. Steps for Writing a Counter-Argument Think of the three most obvious objections to your point of view and write them down. Think which of them is the weakest and which the strongest one. Then you have to select the most convincing objection and use it in your essay as the counter-argument. Choose a transitional word/phrase and offer an issue with your argument. For example, someone draws a different conclusion. You can propose a better, alternative solution, for instance. Develop your counter-argument. Now write some more sentences and explain why people have to believe your objection, give some daily-life examples. Now use a transitional word/phrase to get back to your thesis and show that this counter-argument is not valid. Give explanations, it is very important. Reaffirm your thesis more precisely. It’s crucial to do the thesis in a way that makes it more precise and stronger. You have to keep in mind an average reader, persuade him deeply. Let’s Start a Counter Argument From the very beginning, your counter argument should slip into your essay. So it’s crucial to use proper transitional words and phrases. This way, you will show your reader that you are able to deviate from the main path in your essay and get back to it in a while. In order to make your counter argument look properly, you shouldn’t sound upset, but your reader has to be redirected from the main argument’s idea. In this case, transition words are crucial for starting your counter-argument. Transition Words The success of your counter argument and your essay in total depends on the transition words you use. A transitional phrase has to be strong to help your reader understand your line of thinking and understand it well. And, of course, your mark will be much higher. Examples of transition words â€Å"Admittedly†¦ (state objection)† â€Å"On the one hand, some experts argue that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Conversely, some argue that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Some might object, claiming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  You can also use some questions, as: â€Å"Nonetheless, why†¦?† â€Å"However, does that†¦?† Try different combinations until you feel comfortable with them. Counter Argument Rebuttal One of the most pleasant parts of the essay is a counter-argument rebuttal. In this part, you discuss why you are right and why your counter argument is wrong, also, you show why your thesis is surpassing. This rebuttal should convince your reader that your thesis is correct and that overall counter argument is absolutely wrong. The best examples of the counter argument essays will show you how to refute properly. The more solid the rebuttal is, the more integral is your argument. Some very confident students can address how some parts of the counter argument provided are valid, however, that this validity doesn’t matter at all, for example, if they are irrelevant, or if they don’t address certain groundwork of the topic. The aim of the rebuttal is to show how the counter-argument isn’t consequent to the entire correctness of your thesis. It’s not necessary to follow a structure in your rebuttal paragraph; however, it might be very helpful. A more concrete structure is more comfortable for many students: Create an opening sentence that is strong and sums up the core of the argument you object. Admit the claims’ validity. Choose the transition to link it to a strong topic sentence, which clearly asserts why the counter-argument is completely wrong. Support the topic sentence with the experts’ research in the form of quotation or even paraphrase. Explain or expand the evidence of the expert, as well as its importance and significance. Provide some example from current events or even history to support your position and make your rebuttal stronger. A concluding sentence has to illustrate how exactly counter-argument fails and shows that the main argument was superior. Examples of Counter Argument Homeschooling On the one hand, some experts in child development claim that homeschooling has multiple benefits. It is one of the best options for too sensitive or creative children, for those who can’t succeed in traditional school. Besides, children who are trying to reach professional goals, such as athletes or musicians very often can’t attend school and homeschooling is the only alternative for them. Homeschooling allows adjusting the curriculum to the needs of the kid so the kid is able to succeed. Rebuttal Example Conversely, some argue that homeschooling might have some advantages, such as more attention on the student or more personalized lessons. However, those obvious â€Å"benefits† are liabilities to the development of a child. A unique environment offered by the traditional school forces a child to cope with the challenges, such as mean teachers, bullying, embarrassment, teasing, etc. The traditional school provides various unpleasant experiences. On the other hand, these experiences make the child develop and become stronger. Every successful person becomes successful only through competing against worthy opponents.   School environment stimulates students to overcome obstacles and improve themselves. According to Dalien, the traditional school prepares children for the real world by making them interact with different people. During lessons, children learn to work in groups and negotiate the world without parents supervising or intervening them. Homeschooling isn’t abl e to provide children with social skills which are so important for them to enter the world of adults. Drinking Age Nonetheless, why a young person can drive at 15 and go to the army at 18? Does it make sense that a person can drive all over the country, lose his or her life for the country, and still can’t order a glass of beer in a bar? America’s European neighbors raise their children with a less serious approach to alcohol. This makes the United States look too puritanical and old-fashioned. It makes the impression that America is raising young people who have an unhealthy attitude toward alcohol. Rebuttal Example Admittedly, the drinking age in America is higher than in other countries of the world, and there are certain reasons for that. The American nation has always been individual and not concerned about what other nations were doing. According to statistics, children usually manage to access alcohol drinks at an inappropriate age. Parents believe that a lowered drinking age would cause alcohol abuse among teenagers, and this concern is very essential. In the case the legal age to buy a drink is lowered, teenagers all across the country will drink and even over-drink. This is about human psychology. Moreover, it is necessary to know that 21 is not the random age chosen by Congress. The reason was that the number of young people killed annually in car accidents was twice higher before the 21 law was enacted in 1984. By the end of 2005, the selected drinking age saved about 25,000 lives in America, according to Dean-Mooney, 2008. Nothing can be more important than saving young lives. Thus, other laws related to age or what other nations think of us do not matter. Only keeping young people safe from those substances they can’t cope with because they are not wise enough to use them is important. Conclusion Creating a counter argument and refuting it gives you a chance to show your teacher your critical thinking abilities, and how you actually worked on your essay from different points of view. You show yourself as a refined student when admitting the validity of people who have a viewpoint different from your own. You can prove that you understand how your opponents think. And it is the quality of an experienced writer. Ability to add a counter argument and refute it makes you a better person, while you can consider things from others’ viewpoint. As a student, you should give counterargument and rebuttal examples until you are able to write your own ones. It will help you develop your critical thinking skills as well as emotional intelligence.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Accounting - Assignment Example The healthcare sector represents a major part of America’s economy. Current expenditure on healthcare exceeds 15% of the GDP and Economists project it to hit $4.2 trillion or 20% of the GDP by 2016. Yet according to Commonwealth Fund’s analysis of World Health Organization data, America ranks last among developed nations in preventable mortality with over 47 million Americans lacking health insurance. Additionally, healthcare continues to be one of the fastest growing components of the economy, growing at a faster rate than the GDP. Health related expenditure is a large and growing segment of government budgets. Last year, healthcare expenditure accounted for one quarter of federal spending. From the public interest point of view, the economic stakes in healthcare reform is high. However, it is wise to note that for all the problems, the United States healthcare system has much strength and policy makers should not lose the good while addressing the bad. The major financial challenge of healthcare reforms is controlling the costs. The problem here is not the high level of spending on healthcare but rather the rapid growth of spending on healthcare. The per capita spending in America continues to increase at a faster rate than per capita income. Economic projections indicate that persistence of this trend would lead to a relentless rise in income devoted to healthcare expenditure. A large portion of state and federal spending goes towards subsidization of health insurance. In 1975, federal expenditure on Medicaid and Medicare accounted for 6% of total non-interest federal spending. Today, this figure stands at 23%. Due to the increases in cost of healthcare, the CBO projects that, without reform, Medicaid and Medicare will account for about 35% of non-interest federal spending in 10 years’ time. This trend points toward

Landscape Rehabilitation - China Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Landscape Rehabilitation - China Clay - Essay Example Legal Requirements, Commitments and Funding Sources 15 3.1 Legal Requirements 15 3.2 Proposed Commitments 15 3.3 Possible Funding Sources 16 4. Environmental Rehabilitation Process and Its 17 4.1 Proposed Landscape Rehabilitation and Habitat Creation 17 4.1.1 Lay-out of Proposed Sites 24 4.2 Proposed Visitor Pathway Sites in Rehabilitated Lands 24 4.2.1 Lay-out of Proposed Visitor Pathway Sites 25 5. Adopting Conservation Strategies with Anthropogenic Benefits in Rehabilitated Sites 26 5.1 Application of Ecological Principles in Landscape Design 26 5.2 Impartation of Environmental Awareness and Appreciation to Visitors 26 5.3 Balancing Conservation Objectives with Human Use 26 6. Post Rehabilitation Phase Monitoring and Management 28 6.1 Faunal Population and Habitat 28 6.2 Flora / Vegetation Monitoring 28 7. References 29 1. Introduction and Methodology 1.1 Project Context Since the discovery of china clay deposits in Cornwall in 1746 by William Cookworthy, tons of china clay has be en extracted thereby massively growing the kaolin industry (China Clay Mining 2012). During the recent years, the use of china clay has majorly evolved from ceramics to paper, with some by-products such as paint, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, cork and agricultural products (China Clay Mining 2012). ... observed in some of the old conical tips but the new terraced tips seemed to adapt well likely because of the non-native grass seed mix that had been applied in the area (Landscape Rehabilitation 2012). The southern end of Cornwall china clay extraction area is where the Blackpool tip and pit site is located (see Figures 1,2). It is proximal to St Austell and Wheal Martyn china clay museum. This vast property is owned by Imerys, renowned as the world’s leading company in china clay extraction (Landscape Rehabilitation 2012). Figure 1. Map of Cornwall, United Kingdom (Google Earth 2012) Figure 2. City Map of St Austell and Blackpool China Clay Pit, Cornwall, UK (Cornwall Highstreet2 2012) Figure 3. Picture Map of St Austell and Blackpool China Clay Pit, Cornwall, UK (Google Earth 2012) Recently towards the end of November 2007, Imerys has stopped using the Blackpool working area and have instead affirmed its intention for Blackpool to be restored into a productive landscape like a traditional Cornish landscape. Imerys became interested in working with the local council for this land rehabilitation project, in favour of the local community and potential visitors. This decision made by Imerys posed significant benefits to the local residents especially the 200 workers who had lost their jobs when the china clay extraction operations ceased. Therefore, in response to Imerys’ interest for a land rehabilitation project in Blackpool China Clay Site, Landscape Architecture Consultancy dispatched a group of surveyors to conduct a preliminary assessment of the target area last April 2011. The objective was to provide a status report on Blackpool china clay pit to enable the completion of this proposal to do environmental rehabilitation in the study site. This report

Monetary and fiscal policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Monetary and fiscal policy - Essay Example [1] Fiscal policy is the attempt to influence the level of economic activity through changing taxation and government spending. The fiscal policy helps in fixing aggregate demand through government spending and thus decides the level of economic activity in the country. IS or Investment Saving is a graph showing the balance between investment and savings. When plotted with income on the X axis and interest rate on the Y axis, the graph has a negative slope ie as the income increases, the supply of loanable funds goes down. This is to prevent an imbalance in the economy. The IS/LM model is a macroeconomic tool that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market. The intersection of the IS and LM curves is the "General Equilibrium" where there is simultaneous equilibrium in all the markets of the economy[2] There is a classical correlation between the monetary and fiscal policies and IS/LM. When there is a probability of inflation, which is rare in U.K as it has already been set at 2% by the government, the interest rates are increased by the government through the monetary policy. If the interest rates are high, demand slows down and the growth rate of the economy is arrested. If there are chances of a rapid inflation, the government can hike up the taxes that will in turn reduce spending. As a result, aggregate demand will be reduced and inflation will be controlled. Similarly, if there is a threat of recession, the government can reduce taxes and increase government spending. Lower taxes would translate in higher disposable incomes and thus, aggregate demand would increase. An increased demand would combat the recession and bring the economy back on its course. In other words, IS-LM can be said to show the relation between the theory of effective demand and the theory of liquidity preference. If we assume that there are only two

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay Ervin Drake, Irvin Graham, Jimmy Shirl and Al Stillman wrote this song in 1953 and Frankie Laine sang the most popular version of it. Jane Froman commissioned the song was commissioned for her early 1950s television show, becoming the first hit song ever introduced on television. Troubled by the outbreak of the Korean War in 1952 so soon after World War II, Froman invited the four men to compose a song which would offer hope and faith to the people. Over the years the song written for Americans became a world-wide success with Frankie Laine singing the most popular version.  [1]   Just as Jane Froman who suffered chronic pain and wore a leg brace for most of her life after surviving a plane crash in February, 1943 while she was touring army camps in war torn Europe, commissioned this song to lift the spirits of people fearing the Korean War would become World War III, so did the Christian Church develop popular statements of faith to sustain its members in the face of heresy. Every, declaration in The Creed was an early Church attempt to clarify the Churchs beliefs and theology. ADOPTIONISM Lord and Christ The Man Jesus KENOTICISM Divine Pre-existence Lord and Christ The Man Jesus DOCETISM The eternal Lord Human appearance The Church took many hundreds of years to develop the beliefs and theology which you and I take for granted. During the first 400-500 years the Churchs theologians and those who repudiated them debated and discussed the nature of Jesus Christ: Was He human? Was He divine? Could He be both divine and human at the same time? The Church also tussled controversially with non-believers about the crucified Christ. If Jesus was divine, how could He suffer on the Cross? Wouldnt He just go through the motions of dying without actually experiencing human pain? The people who said this was the case, not only denied Jesus humanity, but also denied His human birth to Mary, His mother and denied His human death and descent into hell. Christians had to think carefully about such issues. They had to be even more careful about how they stated their beliefs: on one hand so they would clearly delineate Gods revelation and on another hand repulse all wrong proclamations and teachings. SLIDE FOUR To say I believe in God, the Father Almighty, The Maker of heaven and earth was to align Christian beliefs and theology with Judaism from which Christianity had emerged. It was also to set Christianity apart from Greek and Roman religions and all other religious practices and proclamations by which devotees worshipped many gods. To say I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord who was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary was to set Christianity apart from Judaism and, in the seventh century, from Islam. Christians commitment and devotion to Jesus Christ sets every Christian apart from everyone else in the world, because Christians commit to and worship only God whom you know through Jesus Christ. The name Jesus comes from the Aramaic name Yeshua (Joshua), from Hebrew Yah-shua, meaning God saves which was a popular name of the time.  [2]  The name points to Him being an historical person and not a figment of someones wild imagination. Jesus is often called Jesus Christ or Christ with Christ being the English term for the Greek ÃŽÃ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ meaning the anointed one. It is a translation of the Hebrew Ãâ€"Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€" ¸Ãƒâ€" ©Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒâ€" Ãƒâ€"â„ ¢Ãƒâ€"-Ãâ€" · (MÄ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ®aà ¡Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥), usually transliterated into English as Messiah.  [3]  Use of this title grants Jesus a specific place in History. When you declare that you believe in Jesus Christ your Lord, you are seeing Him in His role in relation to your personal spiritual needs. Only through Jesus Christ can you hope to know God, so He overcomes your ignorance of God. Only through Jesus Christ can you hope to be related with God, annihilating your estrangement from God. Only through Jesus Christ can you receive the guidance and protection you need to live as believers who know God and are reconciled to Him. SLIDE FIVE When John wrote of such things, he called Jesus Christ the Word of God (John 1.1-4). He assumed that anyone who read his Gospel would have at least a working knowledge of the Old Testament and of Judaism within both of which the Messiah is referred to as the Word. John assumed that his readers would know that Jesus, as the Word, was active and powerful in Creation (Genesis 1), in deliverance of Gods people (Isaiah 42.1-9; 49.1-7; 52.13-53.12) and judgement of peoples behaviour and belief (Psalm 96.13). SLIDE SIX Comments such as those John made in the first few verses of his Gospel (John 1.1-4) underpinned the stand the Church took against heresy. SLIDE SEVEN In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through Him and without Him not one thing came into being. What has come into being in Him was life and the life was the light of all people. (John 1.1-4 NRSV) When John started his Gospel with these words, he indicated his belief that Jesus was eternal, sharing eternity with God His Father, because In the beginning was the Word: i.e., Jesus existed before the creation of the world and the human race. John also gave the Church a theological foundation upon which it could establish declarations such as The Apostles Creed. In the way human beings measure Time, Jesus was in the beginning with God and, because He rose from the dead defeating death, He has no end. Yes! Jesus lived as a man within Time for about thirty-three years, but Time did not bind Him. He was not like God, because He was God actually, is God. Where God is, Jesus is. With these words John countered the heretical claim that God the Father and Jesus the Son were two distinct entities two distinct separate beings. SLIDE EIGHT John also stated his belief that Jesus participated in the Creation of the world and Mankind, because nothing was made without Him being the Creator: All things came into being through Him and without Him not one thing came into being (John 1.3; Hebrews 1.10). Also, What has come into being in Him was life and the life was the light of all people (John 1.4). Jesus not only participated in Creation, but also in giving life to people. Jesus did not just create, but also continues to provide, so that life can go on and on. SLIDE NINE CONCLUSION Although the Church published the first known appearance of The Apostles Creed about 710-714AD  [4]  , Christians of most persuasions have used it repeatedly to affirm their faith and to give them a basis for further theological thinking. In todays western society in which Christianity is increasingly marginalised and in which indifference and a lack of sympathy towards Christianity is spreading obliges all Christians to behave openly as believers and to declare their beliefs more boldly using The Apostles Creed. You are encouraged to clarify your beliefs for yourself and others and underpin your Christian behaviour. I:sermons 2010Christian Year 2010Pentecost 17 Location Raymond Terrace 19-09-2010 Scripture John 1.1-18 Hebrews 12.1-4 Sources Bettenson, H. Documents of the Christian Church (OUP) Oxford 1993 repr. 23-24 Bray, G. Creeds, Councils and Christ (IVP) Leicester 1984 98-104, 212-214 Leith, J.H. Creeds of the Churches (John Knox Press) Louisville 1982 22-24 Milne, B. The Message of John (IVP) 1993 31-50 Packer, J.I. Affirming the Apostles Creed (Crossway) Wheaton 2008 24-36 Scriptures Nestle-Aland Greek-English New Testament (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft) Stuttgart 1971 26th Edition Thomson Chain Reference Bible NIV (B.B.Kirkbridge Zondervan Company) New York Lexicon Perschbacher, W.J. (ed.,) The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (Hendrickson) Peabody 2006 repr.

Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay -- Music Research Paper Rap Hip Hop Essays

Hip Hop and Rap Music Introduction Every so often a new style of music emerges that takes America by storm and comes to represent the generation that grows up with it. In the 50's it was rock'n'roll, followed by the Motown sound of the 60's. The 1970's brought folk music and disco, and in the 80's it was rap. Perhaps no other form of music has crossed as many boundaries and become a bridge between America's many cultures as rap has. Let's face it, if you listen to any current or some old rap/hip hop CDs in America there is always an intro which paves the way for the rest of the songs and gives you a taste of what the CD is going to be like. I am going to try to do that here, just like any rap CD. Although some might not know it, there is a difference between rap and hip-hop. Rap got started first and eventually hip-hop branched off of it. Rap music is more rhyming with more vulgar words with more raw beats, some examples of rap could be Dr. Dre, Tupac, Notorious B.I.G., Mobb Deep, Ice Cube, DMX, Wu-Tang Clan, Eminem, and Nas. Hip-Hop is more popular with not as much vulgarity and more up beat dance beats, some examples of hip-hop could be Nelly, Ja Rule, Outkast, P Diddy, Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, and Ludacris. Hip-hop is a term that is defined as the backing music for rapping, which is composed of a collage of excerpts or "samples from other songs" (Glaser). The culture of rap is commonly made up of graffiti spraying, break dancing, and turntables. Hip-hop and Rap represent the culture of African Americans and Caribbean history, identity, and community. Rap evolved from African people in general and blacks born in the U.S. in particular. The origins of rap can be traced to West Africa where tribesmen held "men of words" in high... ...ir clothing lines http://www.etonline.com/celebrity/a2256.htm From the Ghetto †¦.. To the Runway http://rap.about.com/library/weekly/aa052501a.htm Hip Hop Meets Fashion http://www.citypaper.net/articles/111199/ae.pik.hiphop.shtml TMD 402G The Future of Fashion http://www.uri.edu/hss/tmd/tmd402G/sem.sum/subculturey.htm Urban Clothing Changes from East to West http://urbanclothing.netfirms.com/snoop_dogg_clothing.htm Teachout, Terry, National Review, Bad Rap February 22, 1999, Vol. 51, issue 3 Speerse Chris, Hip-Hop: Its Roots and Its Future March 30 2003, www.geop.itu.edu.tr/~onur/hiphop/rap_hh.html Hooks, Bell. 1993.Seduced By Violence no More In Transforming a rape culture Minnedapolis: Milkweed Editions American Academy of pediatrics, Impact of Music Lyrics and Music Videos on Children and Youth. April 1, 2003. www.aap.org/policy/01219.html

H2 Chemistry Practice

SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 CHEMISTRY JC2 Preliminary Examination Paper 1 Multiple Choice Additional Materials: Data Booklet Optical Mark Sheet (OMS) 9647/01 23 August 2011 1 hour READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST On the separate multiple choice OMS given, write your name, FIN/NRIC and class in the spaces provided. Shade correctly your class and FIN/NRIC number. Eg. If your NRIC is S9306660Z, shade S9306660Z for the item â€Å"index number†. There are forty questions in this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice using a soft pencil on the separate OMS. Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. You are advised to fill in the OMS as you go along; no additional time will be given for the transfer of answers once the examination has ended. Any rough working should be done in this question paper. This document consists of 20 printed pages and no blank page. 2 Section A For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be correct. 1 A student added 10 cm3 of 0. mol dm? 3 KI (aq) to 10 cm3 of 0. 2 mol dm? 3 CuSO4 (aq) in a beaker and observed that a white precipitate in brown solution was obtained. She knew that if she were to add S2O32? (aq) to the mixture, the brown solution will be decolourised. Calculate the volume of 0. 04 mol dm? 3 S2O32? (aq) she should add to the mixture in the beaker in order to completely decolourise the brown solution. A B C D 2 12. 5 cm3 15. 0 cm3 16. 7 cm3 25. 0 cm3 Which of the following contains the greatest amount (in mol) of particles? A B C D 600 g of I2 (s) 50 cm3 of H2O (l) 50 dm3 of HCl (g) at s. t. p. 50 cm3 of 2. 5 mol dm–3 CH3COOH (aq) 3 An element, E can form a simple ion, E2+. Which of the following is the electronic configuration of an atom of E? A B C D 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 3 4 In 1996, Professor Hoffman and a group of scientists discovered a new element known as Ununbium, Uub. An atom of Uub can be formed by the fusion of a lead nucleus with the nucleus of an isotope of element G as follows: 208 82Pb + G 277 112Uub + 1 neutron What is G? A B C D Cu Zn Ga Ge 5 Which of the following graphs correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of ideal gas? V/m3 constant P V/m3 constant P T/ oC 0 B V/m 3 T/ oC A V/m 3 constant P constant P 0 C T/ oC 0 D T/ oC SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 4 6 Which of the following consists of three compounds with different types of structure? A B C D BeO, SO2, BH3 BeCl2, Na2O, SiO2 AlF3, MgCl2, BN AlCl3, Cu2O, SiCl4 7 Ethyl ethanoate undergoes hydrolysis in water in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid catalyst. HCl CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH The rate of reaction was investigated by varying the concentrations of the ester and HCl. Experiment 1 2 3 [ethyl ethanoate] / mol dm-3 0. 10 0. 15 0. 10 [HCl] / mol dm-3 0. 20 0. 10 0. 10 Initial rate / mol dm-3 min-1 0. 096 0. 072 0. 048 Which of the following statements about the above reaction is correct? A B C D Half-life for experiment 1 is 0. 144 min. The rate equation of this reaction is rate = k[CH3COOCH2CH3][ H2O]. Tripling the concentration of both ethyl ethanoate and HCl increases the rate of reaction by a factor of 6 If the half life of ethyl ethanoate in experiment 1 is 5. 0 min, then the half life of ethyl ethanoate in experiment 3 will be 10. min. 8 When 2. 4 g of Na2CO3 was added to 50 cm3 of 1. 0 mol dm-3 aqueous hydrochloric acid, the temperature of the solution rose by 3. 2 oC What is the enthalpy change of neutralisation of this reaction? (Assume that 4. 20 J is required to raise the temperature of 1 cm3 of the solution by 1 K. ) A B C D ? 1. 34 x 104 J mol-1 ? 2. 97 x 104 J mol-1 ? 3. 11 x 104 J mol-1 ? 2. 56 x 106 J mol-1 SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2 011 [Turn Over 5 9 The graph below shows how the percentage of products present at equilibrium varies with temperature and pressure. Percentage of products T + 20) oC T oC Pressure Which one of the following reactions could the graph represent? A B C D 2Fe (s) + C (s) + 3 O2 (g) 2 Fe2O3 (s) CO (g) H = ? 822 kJ mol? 1 H = ? 111 kJ mol? 1 H = +57 kJ mol? 1 H = +76 kJ mol? 1 1 O2 (g) 2 N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) CO (g) + Cl2 (g) COCl2 (s) 10 Given that the Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is 1. 5 ? 10? 11 mol3 dm? 9 and the Kb of aqueous C2H5NH2 is 5. 6 ? 10? 4 mol dm? 3, what is the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in 1. 0 mol dm? 3 aqueous C2H5NH2? A B C D 1. 64 4. 78 2. 68 6. 34 x 10? 4 mol dm? 3 x 10? 5 mol dm? 3 x 10? 8 mol dm? 3 x 10? 10 mol dm? 3 SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 Turn Over 6 11 An experiment is set up as shown below: The E cell of the cell was monitored as time progressed. When a change was made continuously to the set-up, the graph below was obtained. E cell /V Time / s What was the continuous change made? A B C D Add nickel (II) chloride to the nickel half cell Add NaCN to the iron half cell Add water to the nickel half-cell Increase the surface area of iron immersed in the solution. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 7 12 Aluminium alloys usually undergo a process known as anodisation to increase corrosion resistance and surface hardness. In this process, oxygen is formed and the gas reacts with the aluminium object to form a thick layer of aluminium oxide on the metal surface that protects the metal. A possible set up for this process is shown as below: Gases liberated Battery H2SO4 (aq) Aluminium object Graphite Which of the following statements about the anodisation of aluminium is true? A B C D Hydrogen gas and sulfur dioxide gas are liberated. Replacing the graphite electrode with copper will cause the reaction to cease. Anodisation is also possible when the aluminium object is connected to the negative terminal Water is oxidised at the anode to produce oxygen gas. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 8 13 Consecutive elements G, H and J are in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. The trend of their second ionisation energies and melting points are shown in the graphs below. 2nd I. E. Melting point G H J G H J What could be the identities of G, H and J? A B C D Na, Mg, Al Mg, Al, Si Si, P, S S, Cl, Ar 14 Which of the follow properties of beryllium and its compounds is incorrect? A B C D Beryllium does not react with water. Beryllium oxide undergoes neutralisation with both acids and bases. Beryllium chloride reacts with ammonia in a 1:2 ratio. Beryllium chloride is insoluble in water SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 9 15 When concentrated sulfuric acid was added to solid potassium chloride, white fumes of hydrogen chloride gas was observed. The same observation was made when concentrated sulfuric acid was added to solid potassium iodide, but significantly less white fumes was observed. Which of the following explains the lower yield of hydrogen iodide as compared to hydrogen chloride? A B C D Iodine is less reactive than chlorine. Iodine is a weaker base than chlorine. Hydrogen iodide is less volatile than hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen iodide is more easily oxdised than hydrogen chloride. 16 Which of the graphs below show the variation in the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected when 1 mol of strontium carbonate and 1 mol of calcium carbonate are heated strongly? Volume of gas / cm3 Volume of gas / cm3 Time / min Time / min A Volume of gas 3 / cm Volume of gas 3 / cm B Time / min Time / min C D SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 10 17 Astatine is below iodine in Group VII. Which of the following properties is consistent with its position in the Periodic Table? A B C D Silver astatide is soluble in dilute ammonia. Astatine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Astatine reacts with aqueous Fe (II) to form Fe (III). Hydrogen astatide decomposes at a lower temperature than hydrogen iodide. 18 Aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide and the mixture was shaken with an equal amount of trichloromethane. Given that the density of trichloromethane is 1. 48 g cm? 3, which one of the following observations can be seen? A Colourless Red-brown B Red-brown C Colourless D Colourless Red-brown 19 Below is a scheme of reaction showing the chemistry of some compounds of transition metals in aqueous solution. Excess AgNO3 (aq) Excess KCl (aq) Cu (s) Blue solution White precipitate What are the possible identities of the blue solution and the white precipitate? Blue solution CuNO3 CuNO3 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 White precipitate CuCl AgCl CuCl AgCl A B C D SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 11 20 Stigmasterol is an unsaturated plant sterol occurring in the plant fats of soybean and rape seed. How many stereoisomers does stigmasterol have? A B C D 29 210 211 212 21 In which of the following reactions is the reactive carbon sp3 hybridised in the reactant and sp2 hybridised in the product? Br2 in CCl4, in the dark A CH3CHCHCH3 CH3CHBrCHBrCH3 B CH3COCH3 LiAlH4 in dry ether, r. t. p. (CH3)2CHOH C CH3CH2OH Excess conc. H2SO4, 1700C CH2CH2 Cl Cl D CH3Cl / AlCl3 SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 12 22 Which one of the following processes is a propagation step in the chain reaction between CH2Cl2 and Cl2 when irradiated with light? A B C D 2 Cl Cl2 CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CCl3 + Cl2 CHCl3 + Cl CHCl3 + HCl CCl4 + Cl CCl4 + H 23 In the preparation of ethene, ethanol was added to a drop of heated reagent L. The impure ethene was washed by being bubbled through a solution of M before collection. What are the reagents L and M likely to be? Reagent L concentrated H2SO4 concentrated H2SO4 ethanolic NaOH dilute NaOH Reagent M ethanolic NaOH dilute NaOH concentrated H2SO4 concentrated H2SO4 A B C D 24 In the Wurtz reaction, two halogenoalkanes react with sodium metal to form a new carbon-carbon bond, resulting in the formation of a new alkane: R? X + R'? X + 2Na R? R' + 2NaX Which of the following does not show the correct product when the stated reactants are reacted together in a Wurtz reaction? A B CH3Br + C2H5I + 2Na CH3CH2CH3 + NaBr + NaI CH3 Br + + CH3 Br + 2Na + 2NaBr C Br CH 2Br + 2Na 2NaBr D Cl + Br 2Na + NaCl + NaBr SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 13 25 Which of the following shows the correct reagents and conditions to produce the desired product? H H C H NaBH4 H COOH (l) Na2CO3 (s) H C H H C H COO Na (l) + A H C H B O O (l) OH PCl 5 (aq) H3 3 CHC C Cl (l) C H3C CH3 C H H C H Cl ethanolic KOH, heat H H C H H C H OC2H5 D H C H 26 Compound Q was refluxed with a queous sodium hydroxide and the resulting mixture was then distilled. The distillate gave a positive tri-iodomethane test. The residue in the distillation flask, after acidification, gave a white precipitate. Which of these could be Q? A B C D CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 C6H5COOCH3 CH3CH2OCOC6H5 CH3CONHC6H5 27 Which of the following produces a compound with a chiral carbon centre on reaction with hydrogen cyanide? A B C D CH3CHO CH3CH2COCH2CH3 CH3CO2CH3 HCHO 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over SRJC 14 28 The Russian composer Borodin, was also a research chemist. He discovered a reaction in which two ethanal molecules combine to form a compound commonly known as an aldol (reaction I). The aldol formed can then produce another compound on heating (reaction II). reaction I reaction II CH3CHO CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO CH3CH=CHCHO + H2O Which of the following best describes reactions I and II? I A B C D II elimination reduction reduction elimination addition addition elimination substitution 29 Compounds W, X and Y react with sodium, but only one of them reacts with aqueous alkaline iodine. Which of the following combinations is likely to be W, X and Y respectively? A B C D C6H5OH, CH3COOH, (CH3)3C OH HOCH2CH2OH, HOCH(CHI2)CH2COOH, CH3COCH2I CH3COOH, (CH3)3COH, CH3COCH2OH CH3COOH, CH3COCHI2, CH3COOCH2OH SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 15 0 In the study of a polypeptide structure of Z, it was digested using two different enzymes. The fragments obtained were then separated using electrophoresis. Analysis of the fragments from each digestion gave the following results: Fragments using first enzyme: tyr-leu-leu tyr-ala gly-asp-pro asp-pro Fragments using second enzyme: leu-tyr asp-pro-gly ala asp-pro-tyr-leu Deduce the possible sequence of Z. A B C D asp-pro-tyr-leu-ala-leu-tyr-asp-pro-gly asp-pro-gly-asp-pro-tyr-leu-leu-tyr-ala gly-asp-pro-asp-pro-tyr-ala-tyr-leu-leu ala-asp-pro-gly-asp-pro-tyr-leu-leu-tyr SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 16 Section B For questions 31-40, one or more of the numbered statements 1 to 3 may be correct. Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct. The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1 only are correct are correct are correct is correct No other combination of statements is to be used as a correct response. 31 Two colourless liquids were mixed together in a beaker and left to stand. The mixture separated into two distinct layers after standing for an hour. Assuming that the liquids did not undergo any reaction with each other, which pair(s) of liquids, when mixed, will produce the above observation? 1 2 3 Ethanal and water Cyclohexanol and methanol Ethanol and tetrachloromethane 32 A reversible reaction, A (aq) + B (aq) of M2+ ions. C (aq) is catalysed by an aqueous solution Which of the following statement(s) about this system is/are correct? 1 2 3 The catalyst alters the mechanism of the reaction. The catalyst reduces the activation energy for both the forward and backward reaction. The catalyst alters the composition of the equilibrium mixture. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 17 33 Sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, is often used as a source of Cl2 for various organic reactions. Sulfuryl chloride is also a highly reactive gaseous compound which decomposes endothermically when heated in the following manner: SO2Cl2 (g) SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g) A 7:2 mole ratio of SO2Cl2 and Cl2 was placed in an evacuated vessel at 375 K and 6 atm. After 10 minutes, the mixture reached equilibrium and the partial pressure of SO2 was found to be 0. 625 atm. Based on the above data, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? 1 2 3 The Kp value is 0. 03 atm. The Kp value will decrease when total pressure increases. The partial pressure of SO2Cl2 will remain constant when temperature decreases. 34 Consider the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 Given that ? H = ? 199 kJ mol-1, and ? S = ? 190 J K-1 mol-1 for the above reaction, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct for the reaction? 1 2 3 The reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions. As temperature increases, the reaction becomes more spontaneous. In the formation of sulfur trioxide, the system becomes more disordered. 5 Hydrazoic acid, HN3, is an acid with pKa value of 4. 72. Which of the following statement(s) about a 25. 0 cm3 sample of 0. 100 mol dm? 3 HN3 (aq) is/are correct? 1 2 3 The concentration of N3? in the sample is 1. 38 x 10? 3 mol dm? 3. A buffer solution is formed when 12. 50 cm3 of 0. 100 mol dm? 3 of NH3 (aq) is added to the sample. When titrated with NaOH (aq), the equivalence pH is above 7. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 18 36 In 1800, an Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the first battery – the voltaic pile. A diagram of the voltaic pile is shown below: Blotting paper soaked in Zinc metal H2SO4 (aq) Copper metal One cell Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? 1 2 3 The overall equation of the reaction occurring in the cell is Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu. Zinc is the anode, while copper is the cathode. cathode The e. m. f. of the voltaic pile can be increased by stacking more elements 37 When drops of NaOH (aq) were added to a green solution of Cr(NO3)3 (aq), a greygreen precipitate was formed. The precipitate dissolved when excess NaOH(aq) was added, forming a dark green solution. Subsequent additions of liquid ammonia caused the solution to turn violet. According to the information given above, which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect? 1 2 3 OH? acted as a ligand in the first addition of drops of NaOH (aq). NH3 is a stronger field ligand as compared to OH?. The [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complex is the most unstable of all the complexes involved. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 19 38 Chloroethane reacts with excess alcoholic ammonia when heated to form a quaternary ammonium salt in four steps. Which of the following statement(s) about the reaction is/are correct? 1 2 3 In each step, the attacking nucleophile is more nucleophilic than that in the previous step. In each step, the reaction is slower than the previous step due to increased steric hindrance. In each step, an intermediate with a sp2 hybridised carbon atom is formed. 39 Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in many animals, including vertebrates and invertebrates. The structure of dopamine is shown below: O OH HO OH NH2 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? 1 2 3 1 mol of dopamine reacts with 3 mol of ethanoyl chloride. 1 mol of dopamine reacts with 1 mol of HBr (aq). 1 mol of dopamine reacts with 1 mol of Na2CO3. SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over 20 40 Paracetamol is commonly used for the relief of headaches, fever and pains. It is a major ingredient for cold and flu remedies. The structure of Parcetamol is shown below: H N O CH3 HO Which of the following statement(s) about Paracetamol is/are correct? 1 2 3 On addition of concentrated nitric acid, a white precipitate will be formed. A pale yellow precipitate is formed when a solution of warm alkaline aqueous iodine solution is added. It reacts with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a gas which turns damp red litmus paper blue SRJC 9647 / 01 / Prelim / 2011 [Turn Over

Development of Quantitative and Qualitative measures of Human Impact on Wimbledon Common Essay Example

Development of Quantitative and Qualitative measures of Human Impact on Wimbledon Common Essay Example Development of Quantitative and Qualitative measures of Human Impact on Wimbledon Common Essay Development of Quantitative and Qualitative measures of Human Impact on Wimbledon Common Essay A vegetation analysis has been performed at four sites on Wimbledon Common SW19 London, to assess the suitability of quantitative methods for determining human impact on the succession climax. Systematic stratified sampling based on the method of Querouille (1949) has been used Based on 25 sample points per site. A test of Yodas law; C=W? -3/2 has been performed on tree stands, where ? = density of a stand, C= dry weight of matter and w is a constant, by using a correlation test. Log (combined diameters) as the dependent variable (y) and log (distance between pairs) as the independent (x) variable. Three out of four sites gave high values of r, indicating that Yodas law may operate on the sample sites. This is thought to reflect human management of the common over 200 years as well as the mechanism of self-thinning. Using the point quadrat method (Curtis 1949) estimates of density d were obtained as: d= 1 / l 2 where l = ? li / n , where n = sample no and l i the determined lengths from the sample points. This showed discrimination between open and closed sites. A frequency analysis was carried out on this data to find the relative dominance of species X as: Relative dominance of species x= sum of circumferences for that species/ sum of circumferences for all species. Following the procedures of Clark and Evans (1954) these density estimates were tested for normality or a random distribution using the statistic: C=(rn- E(rn))/ (?/?N,) rn and E(rn ) the mean and expectation of the lengths of up to three nearest neighbours. Further following the procedure of Thomson (1956) using a chi squared distribution a further test of randomness was performed on nth nearest neighbours. Basal cover at 36 quadrats was estimated using a tenths scale. Finally a trampling index is proposed that assesses human impact. This has shown discrimination between open and closed sites. However in terms of overall trampling damage little serious impact has been seen outside of the established paths. A conclusion is drawn that both Conservationists and ecologists will be able to use the density measurements and the techniques more generally when planning management schemes for the common as well as the vegetation data and trampling scale to readily assess the impact visitors are having on certain areas of the common. Introduction. Wimbledon Common situated in southwest London is an extensive area of open land subject to multiple recreational use. For example there is a golf course, horse riding designated paths, cycle paths and numerous footpaths, some designated some not. Conservators are appointed to resolve issues of conflict demand use and to take decisions regarding conservation. In the absence of human interference this area would reach climax vegetation. Exactly what this would be depends upon a number of factors. The vegetation could vary on a local scale depending on the closeness to standing water, drainage qualities of the soil as well as the climate overall. The deciduous oak/beech forest is typical of southern England. Diagram 1 shows the proposed stages in this climax that could be appropriate to this area. It is important to realise that the vegetation pattern is never a static phenomenon unchanging once established but a highly dynamic one. Individual trees for example inevitably die or fall; leaving an opportunity gap in the light space that has opened up for other species to establish. This implies a pattern of a mosaic of patches might be become established caused by catastrophes, storms epidemics and diseases and so on. Some species actually inhibit their own re-creation at least initially. Their young saplings do not succeed paving the way for others. Beech is a case in point, thus replacement will be of ash, oak, or birch, but later these trees let the beeches back in. We can conclude that patches of oak, ash or birch are an integral part of the beechwood community. A.S.Watt in a study of beech-woods and found that when they are 60-80 years old the field layer can support wood sorrel but after another 10-20 years these are succeeded by brambles. The field layer may be very sparse with some species of tree for example Beech, dogs mercury, wood sorrell, wood barley grass and wood sanicle have been recorded as common, however if yews are present then not even these plants can gain a foothold. Oak (Quercus robor) has associated on the filed layer dogs mercury, wood sanicle and bluebells. As some areas on Wimbledon Common are left by the conservators to reach their natural climax whereas others are heavily trampled by humans, the opportunity exists to evaluate methods that quantify and qualify the scale of human interference. In this study a dual focus will be attempted. Firstly a look at the trees in their stands1 from the viewpoint of density2, and secondly to look at the ground cover3and assess both qualitatively and quantitatively human impact. Theory. A logical starting point is Yodas self-thinning law. (1963). In this study applied to trees. A derivation of this is given in the appendix. Yoda postulated that that the smallest individuals in a population are the first to die, leaving the larger individuals to gain weight. The law proposed was W= C ? -3/2 , or; in log form log W= log C- 1.5 log ? Where w = dry weight of surviving plants, ? = density of surviving plants C = a constant related to growth class of particular species being studied. The power 3/2 could vary between species as could the constant C. In some 80 species studies the range of C has been found to lie: 3.5 ;= C;= 4.3. A 3/2 power law implies that a change of three log units in mean plant weight corresponds to a change of only 2 log units in mean plant density. Although plants in a dense population become larger with age and as the population decreases due to mortality the law implies that the total plant weight will increase because mean plant weight is increasing faster than density is falling. This phenomenon is known as self-thinning. Incidentally there is enormous biological significance in this. For Farmers three are density limits in which young seedlings of a given species can survive. There are also implications in the filed of conservation of rare species where safe sites need to be found, for the planting of the seeds. One of the Hypotheses under test is that there is a positive direct relationship between the size of each pair of nearest neighbours and their distance apart. In particular self-thinning as opposed to mans imposition of pattern would be expected to comply with Yodas -3/2-power law. Larger individuals benefit from the death of smaller ones. Where regeneration takes place in a woodland gap a large number of seedlings immediately take advantage of the extra light but self-thinning operates during their growth to provide only one mature tree to fill the gap. The successful tree then suppresses new seedling growth. For the analysis of tree stands the method of plotless sampling has been chosen. This method is considered appropriate to forests where there are practical difficulties in delimiting the relatively large quadrats necessary for sampling trees. From the varied procedures mentioned in the literature given for completeness in appendix 2. Three have been chosen and suitably modified to suit the present project. By recording a minimum set of data it is possible to use any of the three methods. 1. Intraspecific and Interspecific crowding. Involves plotting the relationship between the log o combined diameters of each tree and that of its nearest neighbour against the log of the distance between them. This can be done for (i) all pairs of the same species (ii) all pairs of mixed species (iii) Combined data. A correlation coefficient is calculated where x represents the log of combined diameter and y the log of the distance of the nearest neighbours. Point Centred Quadrat method. A Point is established at random in the study area. Four quadrats around the point are marked. The distances from the point to the nearest tree in each quadrant are measured. Simultaneously through symbols such as triangles and squares the species type could be noted. p p could represent silver birch could represent oak could represent beech. p p The density of all trees in the study area is readily estimated as he average of all n length measurements. l = ? li /n. The overall tree density D= 1/ l 2 The frequency of each tree species encountered is obtained as a proportion of the total number of distance measurements made. fj = n j /n j= 1,2s, s is the total number of species, n j is the number of recorded distances to species j. From this the Density of species j: D j =f j D Adding to the data- sheet a record of the circumference of the tree at breast height (approx. 1.5m) we can use the following definitions in the project: Relative Dominance of Species X = Sum of circumferences for all species X /(sum of circumferences for all species) * 100 Relative frequency of species X = frequency of species X */ 100 (Sum of frequency values of all species) Relative density of species X = density of species X/(total density of all species) *100 Nearest neighbour methods. Morsita (1957) has suggested a type 3 estimator ( involving third nearest neighbours and above) applicable to certain type of non-random distribution. This might prove useful in our situation where Wimbledon Common is managed to a great extent in terms of tree density and so on. The distance r to the nth nearest neighbour n;= 3 in each of k sectors at N points is measured. In view of the greater number of sampling points required, a simpler scheme needs to be found here. D1 = 1/pi (n-1)/N ( 1/r) The distance from one tree to its three nearest neighbours will be obtained, and following a procedure of Clark and Evans (1954) test will be conducted on the randomness or otherwise of the distribution of distances. The estimate for density m0 will come from the point quadrat method. Choice of Sampling Procedure and Quadrats. Cochran in 1963 pointed out that There must inevitably be an element of subjectivity in sampling procedure because the boundary within which a set of samples is taken are fixed by the ecologist on the basis of his judgement of what can be suitably described as one unit for the purpose in hand. Parts of an area can be sample separately if there is doubt as to its homogeneity. A choice has to be made between random and systematic sampling. In random sampling an estimate of the mean is available plus the standard error of the mean i.e. the precision of the mean. The use of t tests to compare two sites is available. In systematic sampling there is no indication of precision and no possibility of assessing the significance of its difference from the mean in another area. However systematic sampling is preferred by many workers on the grounds that it is more representative of variations over the area and hence likely to give a better estimate than random samples and that it is easier to carry out I the filed. Bordeau (153) in his study on density and basal area of forest trees found any gain in accuracy from systematic sampling to be slight. In random sampling any point within the area has an equal chance of being represented in the sample. Stratified random sampling divides the area into blocks taking the same number of samples from each block using random co-ordinates. Quenouille (1949) suggested a method of systematic unaligned sampling. The area is dived into blocks as shown in the diagram 2 below. Keep the x co-ordinate fixed and randomly choose y in a row. Repeat for the other rows with different xs. Smartt et al (1974) found the accuracy increases in the order random, systematic stratified random and stratified unaligned systematic sampling. Whatever method is chosen one important criterion must be borne in mind. An appropriate scale must be chosen for the co-ordinate axes. If too coarse a scale is used so that only a limited number of possible positions are available the system degenerates into a random sub-set of points on a very limited grid. This implies the same disadvantage of possible bias in any one set of samples as systematic sampling. On the hand the smaller the quadrat the greater the chance of significant edge effects due to the observer consistently including individuals that ought to be excluded or vice versa. Extremely false conclusions can also be drawn see illustrations below.(diagram 3) On the basis of the above discussion the following decisions have been made: 1. To select for ground vegetation cover the method of quenoiulle (stratified systematic unaligned sampling.). Sophisticated t analysis will not be used on the ground cover data. 2. A quadrat size of 30mx 30m will be used, divisible into 9, 10m x 10m blocks. 3. For tree analysis plotless sampling methods will be chosen avoiding consideration of quadrat design. Choice of Cover measurement. Two schools of thought have emerged on describing and recording vegetation cover that of Domin and that of Braun Blanquet. For convenience a table is shown in the appendix of these scale. However it was thought better for this project to use a system of recording a quadrat base on tenths coverage of the basal layer. As the site area will be 30m x 30m a splitting into 9 blocks each of side 10m seems reasonable. Vegetation will be estimated on a scale of ten. Detailed Plan and Methods. Apparatus. Measuring tape, Light Meter, stakes or markers, chalk, clipboard, prepared data sheets, pencils, map. Preliminary work. 1. Conduct preliminary site survey, to get a feel for the area and to see what can be usefully accomplished. 2. Talk to Range Warden, obtain useful information on human management of the common, and also vitally and respectfully inform him of the intended research and aims and as to where the research will be carried out. 3. Prepare data field sheets for four sites (samples are shown below). For plotless sampling 8 columns are required of length in four quadrants together with associated tree diameters including a key for species identification. For nearest neighbour analysis 9 columns are required for tree no, distances to three nearest neighbours and associated tree diameters. 4. Obtain table of random numbers. Select 3 blocks of 4 single digit numbers (see diagram 3) 5. Obtain an assistant for the recording of data and help in setting stakes, marking trees and in holding the tape. 6. In the field: Select site. Chosen quadrat size is 30m x 30m. This can be paced out and staked in 10m intervals in both x and y dimensions. Adhering to the pre-ordained random numbers in y and fixed numbers in x for each row ,according to systematic sampling method chosen, the ground cover of the vegetation is estimated in tenths. Any notes made on the sheet according to the Braun-Blanquet school of notation. Any new species not recorded on the sheets should be added. The trampling scale score, canopy cover and light readings can be incorporated on the sheet. 7. Select 4 sites in all, under two criteria. Two should be largely unmanaged; two should be largely managed. The word largely implies inherent uncertainty given the relative un-isolation of the common. Show these on the map. 8. For the plotless sampling data start at a sensible point in the site area. In this context sensible refers to a number of criteria. Single plantations can be useful. Mixed plantations can be useful. Note that the site has already been chosen under a range of criteria. Move around the site taking representative readings until 25 sets of trees have been obtained. 9. Under the point quadrat method select the sample point. Mark it clearly. (Put the assistant on it!) Measurement of the distance in paces will be good enough or with the measuring tape (making sure of consistency in method of recording). Record the circumference of that tree at breast height. Try to be consistent in this in view of any vegetation causing difficulty in approach, or awkward geometry of trees. Note the species of each tree using a key system for ease of recording, (see data sheets). 10. For the nearest neighbour method. Choose a starting tree. Measure its circumference. Then measure distance to its nearest neighbour and measure its circumference. Repeat for the three nearest neighbours in total. No need here to record the species. Except in the general notes comment may be made as to the nature of the area. In particular note that the measurement of a particular tree does not preclude that tree from being anothers nearest neighbour. 11. Record all data by the researcher (me) verbally calling out the measurements and the assistant recording them. It is often sensible to have him verify what he has written down to minimise errors of recording. 11. At all times observe a safe procedure but equally as importantly attempt to disrupt the ecosystem as little as possible. This is particularly important at the two sites that are left by the conservators as little managed as possible. Modifications to plan as carried out in the method. 12. A minor modification resulted in the field in that the measuring tape was in fact in imperial units. In the original data sheets circumferences are recorded in inches and some distance measurements. Other distance measurements were recorded in paces. My pace was measured in cms. (about 30cm) In translation to the spreadsheet appropriate conversions were undertaken , i.e. 1 inch =2.54 cm. Examples of data sheets used in the field. Field Data-Sheet: Plotless Sampling. Point Centred Quadrat Method. Sample point no l1 r1 l 2 r2 l 3 r3 l4 r4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Field Data Sheet: Nearest Neighbour Analysis. (Site Designator):- Tree no Circumference (cm) r n1 dn1 r n2 dn2 r n3 dn3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Field Data-Sheet : Base Cover. Site: Ground Cover % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Average Leaf Litter Branches/twigs Bare ground Short grass Long grass Soft rush Brambles Holly Tree saplings Ferns gorse Trampling Score The trampling scale index. 1. No impact on vegetation- flower heads present and stems of plant not broken. 2. 2. Vegetation affected-plants are mainly grasses, stems bent 3. 3 1%-25% of topsoil expose-plants very short or cushion form, some damage 4. 26%_50% of topsoil exposed-plants very short or cushion form clear damage. 5. 51%-75% of topsoil exposed-plants very short or cushion form, very clear damage. 6. 76%-100% of topsoil exposed-plants very short or cushion form, severe damage. Results and Discussion. The original results are presented as carried out in the field. These have been copied onto an excel spreadsheet for analysis and converted where appropriate into SI units. Various plots are presented below to illustrate some of the data that has been collected. Four sites were chosen two in relatively open ground, two in more dense plantations. A frequency count of each tree species is recorded below. Site1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Silver Birch 95 Beech 8 Beech 56 Silver Birch 35 Oak 3 Oak 29 Oak 22 Oak 48 Other/holly 2 Silver Birch 60 Silver Birch 17 Beech 6 Beech 0 Other 3 Other 5 Other 7 This summary table provides useful information on the character of the sites. Sites 1 and 2 consist predominately of silver birches, whereas the oaks and beeches dominate sites 3 and 4. However in the denser stands there is still a significant number of silver birches and this may well affect the results. In Sites 3 and 4 however with the greater number of mature oaks and beeches this symbolises that these latter sites have been better able to reach a state of maturity or climax, than those of the former have. Correlation data for Yodas law are summarised in the table below for the four sites. Site no 1 2 3 4 Correlation Coeff. r 0.71 0.81 0.42 0.84 The data have brought one of the surprises of the study. I would have expected the Pearson correlation coefficients to be nearer unity in the mature forests and perhaps not so in the silver birch plantations, implying a direct association between tree spacing and tree diameter for pairs of trees sampled. It is to be noted that the coefficient is highest in the supposedly more mature woodland in site 4, than it is in sites 1 and 2, although these two sites have returned a high value. The small sample covering an extremely small fraction of the area of the common must be borne in mind when analysing all the data in the study. A significance test could have been performed on these correlation coefficients but this will be held over for a further study. Yodas self-thinning rule might well show some correlation because of the influence of tree management. As trees are cut down to make open space or to let other plant species flourish . In the third site a poor correlation has been observe d. Various hypotheses still need to be explored to explain the pattern of results. (i) The sampling was inadequate in terms of numbers sampled. (ii) The measurements were seriously incorrect. (iii) Yodas law does not apply as either man or some earlier catastrophe has thinned the trees below their natural self-thinning level . Yet a correlation appears for another reason. (iv) Yodas law does apply and the results bear this out largely. Whilst accepting that the number sample at each location was low, it is unlikely that gross errors were made in the measurements attention must focus on the third and fourth assumptions . The Common management have more than likely restricted the number of trees especially in areas 1 and 2 to allow a wider access for walkers and in so doing the density of the trees is below that which they could have attained, and yet a correlation between tree diameter and distance still exist but it might not be finding a 3/2 power law but some other relationship.. Indeed in conversation with the park ranger I learned that further thinning work was planned in conjunction with Kingston University at site 2. Conservationists face this dilemma of wanting more species to establish in areas where more light is allowed to penetrate the surface, as against the philosophical wish of other conservationists of leaving things as they are and for areas to develop naturally. In a crowded urban environment such as the conurbation of London it is probably inevitable that the former policy would win out and that areas have to be managed to cope with multiple demands on them. Density calculations. To further refine the notion that man management has affected the area, tree densities have been worked out according to the point quadrat method. A summary table below shows the computation that have been undertaken on the spreadsheet. The units for these densities should be considered as numbers of trees per square metre. Site Number 1 2 3 4 Point transect 0.23 0.12 0.04 0.05 Sites 3 and 4 have been found to have a lower density than sites 1 and 2. This calculation therefore tends to confirm a trend that was already being formulated that the more mature woodland with its older and higher trees has lower densities of individual that the younger silver birches of sites 1 and 2. Silver birches tend to have lower girths ( at least this study has fond that) than mature oaks or beeches and that more can be packed into a given area. Of course it is not just the basal area that determines the thinning density it is also a function of the overhangs and morphology of the higher branches. Interestingly this concept of morphology forms a detailed subject in itself. Plants and trees are different to animals in that they do not have a modular form. Shape can be extremely variable. White has conducted a study into subject principally on silver birches. My photographs of Oaks on Wimbledon common have revealed some very strange specimens indeed. The Ranger gave me an explanation in that he thought the poor drainage of London Clay responsible for their non-upward growth. Many of the oaks on the common had this deformation, whilst others appeared in normal stands. The results have demonstrated that discrimination between sites is possible with calculations of the type used. There are others mentioned in the literature, which could be similarly evaluated in the field in a subsequent study. The author admits to being surprised at the low densities being found. Photographic evidence of some areas would suggest a low value , whereas others would suggest for silver birches a much higher packing fraction. However it again boils down to the number of samples taken and where they are taken for a fuller picture to emerge. Gathering together the remaining calculations: The table below shows the computations for frequenct density and relative dominance. The useful property of the definition of relative dominance is that the weight given to larger trees such as the oaks and beeches more than compensates for their fewer number. It gives a more accurate impression than simple frequency density of the true impact that a tree species has in terms of basal area ,and hence light requirements and competition for resources and so on. One feature from the table is that silver birches are highly dominant in open ground, whilst maintain a fair degree of dominance also in closed ground. Oak only managed first place in one of the sites , Beech also in one. Of course the small sample again and the way the sampling was conducted mitigated against all oak or beech dominance. However this data does provide a pointer that a succession climax is not being reached on Wimbledon Common. Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Frequency Density Oak 0.68 3.42 0.78 2.28 Silver Birch 21.65 7.08 0.60 1.67 Beech 0.46 0.94 1.99 0.29 Other 0 0.35 0.17 0.33 Relative Dominance Oak 0.06 0.59 0.30 0.77 Silver Birch 0.93 0.26 0.06 0.12 Beech 0.01 0.13 0.62 0.06 Other 0 0.01 0.02 0.06 Thomson, Clark and Evans have attempted to go further and look for evidence of non- random distributions in tree stands. As the procedure they describe is applicable to the measurements I had already collected, with the proviso that my estimate of density will come solely from the point quadrat method and not from nearest neighbour analysis .The appendix 3 summarises data relevant to the calculation and shows two sample calculations. These authors assume that a measure of departure from randomness in a population of plants can be measured. The distributions of distances to neighbours in first order second order and so on are related to the chi-squared distribution. The advantage in using second and third nearest neighbours (Apart from the increase in accuracy of density determination in random populations) is that it should be possible to detect larger scale heterogeneity than by merely using the distance to the nearest neighbour. In the distribution (details not given here) the statistic N x where x n is the mean of the N observed values of x is distributed as chi squared with Nn degrees of freedom. Chi-square gives a simple test of randomness. A probability of Chi 0.95 indicates significant overdispersal of individuals, the distance being smaller than expected, while a probability 0.05 indicates significant underdispersion. From the calculations there is evidence of overdispersal from the nearest neighbour analysis ,because the probability values have turned out to be very low indeed. Ground Vegetation and Trampling Scale Analysis. Turning to the more subjective but nevertheless quantitative data on the ground layer. Averages for each category have been worked out and displayed in the form of a bar chart below. The limited number of samples taken over the limited number of sites obviously limits the description of the vegetation that can be given for the area. However a number of points emerged from the study. Bare non-open ground was founds at site 3 mature beech-oak woodland. The canopy layer in early spring as leaves began to emerge was estimated at 70%. It was thought that the field layer was largely a function of the microclimate of the canopy layer rather than the effect of huge numbers of persons trampling the area. Although a stream existed at the bottom of the glade and the golf course existed at the top on higher level ground, and undoubtedly humans such as myself visited the area. The overall scene of bareness indicated a natural explanantion. Where in any quadrat a footpath exists then inevitably consequences flow from that. In some locations not sampled but viewed generally, wide paths (One is seen on an annotated photograph) exist and at the season of the year ( Early spring) it appears that trampling exposes bare topsoil, as well as the more natural phenomenon of waterlogging. This would indicate severe damage on the trampling scale chosen. Other more minor paths appeared to be in good condition, in that they were overlain with grass albeit is short cushion form. Conservationists again face a dilemma here. Concern is expressed in some quarters that too many visitors destroy that which they have come to see. As evidenced in the phonograph busy paths can prevent any regeneration of plant life. On the other hand paths encourage visitors to keep within narrow restricted ranges and discourage them from straying further. This helps to conserve plant material away from the main paths. I observed on my study how difficult it w as to stray from sidepaths to take measurements in view of the dense underlayer often of bramble, holly and so on. The bar charts clearly bring out differences that do exist between the sites. For example the bramble appears most often in the darker more mature woods. Leaf litter and branches are very noteworthy features of the closed areas.. The small sample has just picked up some of this. Ivy appears to be a feature of some of the darker area. In the more open silver birch stands it was possible without too much difficulty to step between leaf litter, and occasional bramble to measure trees. The fact that more people might stray in this open area is the most likely factor other than man management that denser woodland does not form. One consequence I noticed in some areas where paths had formed, these allowed more light to penetrate the dense woodland canopy which may be beneficial, also the problem arose t of unwanted plant species at the borders of such paths, principally nettles. This voracious species appears to have spread along paths and slightly into interiors in some parts of the common. In the more open areas not always sampled by my quadrate there we extensive area of heather and gorse. Heather existed near site 1 in extensive carpet form. These species seem to relish the more open and well-drained areas of open parkland. Heather is a probably acceptable form of seating for picnickers in the summer months and the rangers choose to leave these areas for recreation at the expense of establishing silver birch saplings. The survey method is therefore capable of reproducing information to ecologists as the field layer tells them in effect the state of the woodland and its canopy layer. Any damage by too much human impact can be assessed using such methods. Conclusion and Evaluation. Necessarily given a short time span for an inidiuval study one cannot hope to solve completely the difficult problem of describing the distribution of flora in an area. The problem of density measurement has been tackled at albeit at a simple level. This problem which entails decision making on sampling and what to sample is the prerequisite for the next fundamental problem that of describing pattern, i.e. what distribution will describe the tree stands. For example. Does a Poisson distribution describe the vegetation? Other interesting possibilities for further research have been revealed by the study, that of the morphology and form of trees. This appears an equally difficult subject. On the more human side of things issues are raised by conservationists on how to manage an area such as Wimbledon Common, quantitative and other more subjective determinants of distribution of vegetation all have their place, when trying for example to estimate the impact of visitors and as to how this should if at all be minimised. .In future work I would want to study more on the methods of selecting the quadrates, and to study the effect on results on quadrat size, which I have briefly seen in the literature. I would want to look further at the methods available and their problems for looking at surface cover on plant vegetation. Sampling frames with pins and so on. Further I would want to correlate my measurements with those of elsewhere on other woodlands and sites and to see how they compare with literature values in other places. This leads on to questions of the physical factors such as soils drainage and microclimate generated by the plants themselves, the factors that determine the distribution as we see it today. In other words the field for study is huge, this individual study has merle scratched the surface. The simple point quadrat method is capable of discriminating between sites in it measurement of density. The nearest neighbour methods can assist in determining if a law similar in form to Yodas law applies as well as to assisting in the statistical analysis on the randomness or otherwise of the distribution of trees in a stand.